In order to determine the cotton irrigation time based on soil moisture allowed depletion and the effect on cotton quantity of siokra and 818-312 varieties, an experiment was conducted in 1999 and 2000 in a silty clay loam soil in Hashemabad Cotton Research Station as split plot with completely randomized blocks comparing four treatments and three replications. Irrigation treatments were: Irrigation after depletion of 40%, 60% and 80% of soil available moisture during growing season in every irrigation and the other 40% depletion before flowering and 60% after flowering. The results showed that the effect of irrigation treatments were not significant on total yield and boll weight in every years, but on earliness was only significant in the first year. The highest yield was in siokra variety that 818-312 was increased 11.7% and 5.6% in two years, respectively and its difference was only significant in the first year. The results of complex analysis showed that there wasn't significant difference on totally yield of years but it was on earliness. Irrigation treatments were not different in view of yield and earliness. The higher yield in two years with 3592 kg/ha belong to siokra that increased 10.2% than 818-312 and 818-312 was the more earliness. Ultimately the best irrigation treatment in view of management and decreasing of irrigation numbers were 80% soil moisture allowed depletion and the best variety was siokra.

One of the basic limitations in dry areas is the allocation of water resources for the development of green spaces, including public and non-public green spaces, forest and non-forest parks and gardens, forestry and green belts. The objective of this research project is to investigate the impact of drought stress on the water requirements of Tehran pine species at different stages of growth. The research employed a factorial design, with factors including age and drought stress, using a completely random basic design in 10 replications. The considered factors were Tehran pine as the plant species, three age levels (one, three, and five-year-old species), and three drought stress levels (mild 0.3, moderate 0.5, and high 0.7). This resulted in a total of 9 treatments, and with 10 repetitions, a total of 90 microlysimeters were utilized. Results indicated that the peak of reference transpiration evaporation occurred from May to October, with July typically reaching the highest levels. The Evaporation-Transpiration diagram for Tehran pine species at ages 1, 3, and 5 years, under drought stresses of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 in the months of May to October, showed the highest values, while it was lowest in November. In the cumulative amount of moisture used for ages 1, 3, and 5 in the studied drought stresses for the years 2021 and 2022, it was observed that water consumption under drought stress of 0.7 was higher compared to stresses of 0.5 and 0.3. The plant coefficient of 1, 3, and 5-year-old Tehran pine seedlings in 2021 and 2022 displayed the highest values under drought stresses of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 from June to October, while it was lowest in April and November. Comparing the average values of evapotranspiration potential in Tehran pine seedlings under different stresses showed significant differences (p=0.01) among groups during the years 2021 and 2022. The results highlighted that Tehran pine exhibits the highest water requirement in June and July, with 89 and 59.3 mm for the years 2021 and 2022, respectively.

This research was carried out to investigate changes in crop water stress index (CWSI) of bean and its relationship with soil moisture under different regimes of drip irrigation at Lorestan University College of Agriculture. For this purpose, three varieties of Pinto bean Contains sadri (S), COS16 (C) and Kusha (K) in main plots and irrigation regimes in four levels including T120 (120% crop water requirement), T100 (100% crop water requirement) T80 (80% crop water requirement) and T60 (60% crop water requirement) were subplots. The results showed that in all three cultivars of the beans, the highest values of CWSI during the season were related to severe tension (T60) which was equal to 0. 3 and in contrast to (T120), the lowest values of water stress index and Equal to 0. 14. The correlation coefficient between of soil moisture content and CWSI was found to be 0. 91 which was significant at 1% probability level, and therefore a relation was used to estimate the soil moisture content using the CWSI. Finally, using the proposed relationship and the allowable drainage coefficient, the threshold value of CWSI was 0. 21.

Moisture distribution in soil is one of the most important principals in drip irrigation designs. The moisture distribution analysis was applied to select drip discharge. This is usually performed based on engineering skills. The objectives of this study were to model and analyze moisture distribution and to introduce a discharge selection procedure. Consequently, an experiment was carried out in which the drip system was selected to be point source including discharges of 2 to 8 lhr-1. The wetted patterns from drips were measured and analyzed for onion, potato and tomato. The obtained results showed that the most suitable discharges to irrigate onion, potato and tomato were 2 lhr-1 (with one day interval, 6 hr application time), 2 (with one day interval, 7 hr application time) and 8 lhr-1 (with 3 day interval, 2 hr application time), respectively.

This study is carried out under the assumption that the effective depth of root zone is not restricted to the conventional predefined root depth. Following the reduction of soil moisture within the root zone water uptake potential gradient between the soil in the rootzone and that underneath enables the root to use the available moisture from the soil deeper than the root zone. Based on this assumption, a lysimeter study was conducted in a complete randomized block design of three treatments (A, B, C) and three replications on soybean crop plant. The difference among irrigation treatments was related to irrigation scheduling (amount and interval of irrigation). Treatment A (control) was designed for irrigations when 55% of available moisture was depleted (MAD=55%) and the depth of irrigation was enough only to compensate for moisture deficit. Treatment B (delayed) was set at MAD=65% and net irrigation the same as that in treatment A. Treatment C (excess) was set also at MAD=65% but accompanied by 30% of extra water. The yield under each treatment was recorded and statistically analyzed. Results of soil moisture monitoring throughout the growing season showed that treatment B was faced with water stress due to excess water depletion, delayed irrigation and absence of adequate moisture storage in soil depth. In treatment B, some such yield traits such as number of pods, grain weight in pods, and grain yield were less than those obtained in treatment A. However in treatment C, in spite of the fact that MAD was set similar to treatment B and irrigation interval extended, no signs of water stress were observed in the plants. In addition the yield was not significantly different that that under treatment A. In treatment C, extra amount of irrigation, often assumed to be lost, was preserved beneath the root zone. When water in the upper soil layers was depleted, the reserved water was accessible to the plant which was able to take up the excess water to protect itself from water stress. Such observations show that presence of soil moisture beyond the root zone could be critically beneficial under water stress conditions. Finally, based on the assumed irrigation efficiency of 70% the total amount of applied water would be equal to 404.7 mm. At treatment C, beneficial use was equal to 328.7 mm for which actual irrigation application efficiency would be equal to 81.2%. This comparison shows that from the assumed 30% water loss, an extra 11.2% was available for plant water use. This phenomenon indicates that taking into account of moisture preserved under root zone can somehow increase irrigation efficieancy.

In this paper, we studied a new integrated production scheduling, vehicle routing, inventory and outsourcing problem. The production phase considers parallel machine scheduling including setup times with outsourcing allowed and the distribution phase considered batch delivery by a fleet of homogenous vehicles with respect to holding cost of completed jobs. The objective of the Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulated model is to minimize the total costs including production, outsourcing, holding, tardiness and distribution fixed and variable costs. Due to the nondeterministic polynomial time (Np)-hardness of the problem, we derive a number of dominance properties for the optimal solution and combine them with a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to solve the problem. To assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid algorithm, we conduct the computational study on randomly generated instances. Sensitivity analyses showed the impacts of the parameters on the objective function were incorporated. In order to evaluate the significance of the differences among the results obtained by GA and GADP one-tailed paired t tests were performed and interval plots were depicted.

With the development of highly-deviated well cementing techniques, rotating casing cementing technology has got more and more attention. The rotating casing technique can improve the displacement efficiency of cement paste, and then enhance the quality of well cementation. In the stuck section, the rotating casing can redress the well to make the casing run sequentially. The casing endures shear stress in rotating, besides axial stress, bending stress, circumferential stress and radial stress which are produced by inside and outside casing pressure stress. These forces make it more complicated when calculate the maximum curvature in rotating condition than that without rotation. The paper, by analyzing the casing stresses in rotating condition, assumes a stress model of the casing infinitesimal for rotating casing. It puts forward the calculation method for the maximum allowable borehole curvature in casing bucking deformation, or when casing couplings and thread seal fail under rotating condition. It also determines the biggest borehole curvature that allowed though, laying a base for the design and construction of the highly-deviated well casing.